Toothpick City

He took 6 years to build a city with toothpicks.
He used 6 million toothpicks and 170 liters of glue.
It can take 6 months to build one building; some of the time standing on ladders. He works at the museum of Science and Technology in Syracuse , New York .

His name is Stan Munro.He is 38 years old. Have a look at his creations.
He has been called the most patient man in the world.

Lucknow Khaas

Time is running out.Post your comment for free Internet on mygov.in,last date 15 August, 2015

 The Indian government is inviting responses to the draft report that the Department of Telecommunications released on the issue of net neutrality.

The responses will help the government to take appropriate decision on the issue as these will also be considered along with the TRAIs suggestions following a consultation process.

 The deadline to submit the comments is 15 August 2015 so citizens have less than 24 hours to make their voice heard.

The process has been moved to a MyGov.in forum, part of the governments governance portal. To submit comments on net neutrality, citizens need to first register on the MyGov.in website, sign-in, go to the net neutrality page and submit their response.

It is emphasized that the views expressed in the report are that of the Committee and not of the Government. Your valuable comments, wide scale consultations, as also the report of the TRAI will help the Government to take appropriate decision on the issue. Through this forum of My Gov, we invite valuable comments and suggestions on the report and recommendations before 15th August, 2015.

Steps :

-Go to mygov.in

-scroll down.Go to bottom of page.You will find Activities written.

-In Activities,there is a  Discuss button.Below discuss button is written 'group centric and national theme'.Click Discuss.

-In the page that appears at the bottom of page is 'Trending'

-Below Trending,1st option is
'Give your Comments or Suggestions on Recommendations of Committee on Net Neutrality'
Click that.

-Click 'login to post comment'.

-give login password.

-Post comment.

Funny Face- Pirate

Guess how it is made????

It is made from word 'oil'

Extraordinary Kettle

Kettle with many mouths

TCP/IP model-Application Layer and other layers and Features TCP/IP

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Application Layer

On top of the transport layer is the application layer.It contains all the higher level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), FTP,and electronic mail(SMTP),Domain Name System (DNS),NNTP,HTTP.

Host-to-Network Layer
Here the host has to connect to n/w using some protocol so it can send IP packets to it.



Features of TCP/IP

1)File Transfer-FTP,RCP(Remote Copy)

2)Terminal Enuilation-Telnet & rlogin.

3)Transparent distributed file access and sharing-NFS(Network File System)

4)Remote command execution-rsh(remote shell) & rexec(remote execution) programs, users can run programs on remote computers and see the results on their own computer.

5)Remote Printing-unix command lpr provides remote printing services.



Next coming up Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models

The Transport Layer(TCP/IP model)

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The layer above the internet layer is the transport layer.It is designed to allow peer entities on source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation just as in OSI transport layer. Two end to end transport protocols have been defined here.
The first one TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) is a reliable connection oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on 1 machine to be delivered without error on any other machine on internet.
TCP also handle flow control to make sure a fast server cannot swamp a slow receiver.
The second protocol,UDP,(User Datagram Protocol) is an unreliable,connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control and wish to provide their own.It is widely used for one shot,client-server type request-reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate delivery such as transmitting speech or video.


Next

TCP/IP Reference Model

This model used in the grandparent of all wide area computer n/ws,the ARPANET, and its successor,the worldwide Internet.
DoD did not want conversation to be broken off. DoD wanted connection to remain intact as long as source and destination were functioning. A flexible architecture was needed.The architecture later became known as TCP/IP Reference model,after its 2 primary protocols.

The Internet Layer

Packet switching n/w based on a connectionless internetwork layer.This layer called the Internet Layer.
The analogy is with the (snail) mail system. Most of them will be delivered to the correct address in the destination country.
The Internet layer defines an official packet format and Protocol called IP(Internet Protocol). The job of internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to go.Packet routing is the major issue,as is avoiding congestion. TCP/IP internet layer is similar in functionality to OSI n/w layer.

OSI model-Session Layer,Presentation Layer,Application Layer

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5)The Session Layer
This layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them.
Session offer various services including dialog control,token management and synchronization.

6)The Presentation Layer
This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher level data structures (eg.banking records) to be defined and exchanged.

7)Application Layer
This layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by users.One widely used application protocol is HTTP,which is the basis for the World Wide Web.


Next coming up TCP/IP Model..

OSI model-Network Layer,Transport Layer

Previous

Network Layer
This layer controls the operation of the subnet,how packets are routed from source to destination.
If too many packets are present, such congestion is controlled by network layer.
n/w layer allows heterogeneous n/ws to be interconnected.

Transport Layer
The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from above,split it up into smaller units if need be,pass these to n/w layer and ensure that pieces all arrive correctly at the other end.
The transport layer is a true end-to-end layer,air the way from source to destination.
The difference between layer1 through 3,which are chained and layers4 through 7,which are end-to-end.

To be continued..